篮球 历史
History of Basketball
转述篮球的历史及NBA的演变
The Evolution of Basketball and the NBA
篮球运动是在1891 年，由美国麻塞诸塞州斯普林菲尔德市基督教青年会训练学校体育教帅詹姆士奈史密斯博士（Dr. James Naismith）发明的。
当时，在寒冷的冬季，缺乏室内进行体育活动的球类竞赛项目。奈史密斯从工人和儿童用球向“ 桃子筐” 投准的游戏中得到启发，设计将两只桃篮分别钉在健身房内两端看台的栏杆上，桃篮口水平向上，距地面 10 英尺，以足球为比赛工具向篮内投掷，入篮得1 分，按得分多少决定胜负。因为这项游戏最初使用是桃篮和球，遂取名为篮球。
12 月21 日为“ 篮球日”
由于1891 年的12 月21 日，举行了世界上的第一场篮球比赛，后来篮球界就将此日定为国际篮球日。
最初的篮球比赛规则很简单，对于场地大小、参加人数多少、比赛时间长短均无统一规定。
1883 年铁质球篮取代了桃篮并挂上了线网。
1892 年奈史密斯制定了第一部13 条的原始规则，目的是使篮球游戏在公平对等的条件下进行，同时不允许粗野动作的发生。
Basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a physical education instructor at the YMCA Training School in Springfield.
At that time, during the cold winter season, there were very few indoor sports activities available. Inspired by a game in which workers and children threw a ball into a “peach basket,” Naismith designed a new game by nailing two peach baskets onto the railings at opposite ends of a gymnasium. The baskets were placed 10 feet above the floor with the openings facing upward. A soccer ball was used, and players scored one point each time the ball entered the basket. Since the game originally used peach baskets and a ball, it was named “basketball.”
December 21 – “Basketball Day”
The world’s first basketball game was held on December 21, 1891. As a result, the basketball community later designated this date as International Basketball Day.
The original rules of basketball were very simple. There were no standardized regulations regarding court size, number of players, or game duration.
In 1883, iron hoops replaced the original peach baskets, and nets were added.
In 1892, Dr. Naismith created the first set of 13 original rules to ensure fair play and to prevent rough and violent actions during games.
1895 年篮筐开始固定在4×6 英尺的篮板上并逐渐深入场内，到1913 年将篮网剪开，形成了近似现代的篮板和球篮。
1915 年美国制定了全国统一的篮球竞赛规则，并翻译成多种文字，向全世界发行。
1932 年，刚诞生的国际篮联以美国大学使用的篮球规则为基础，制定了第一份世界统一的竞赛规则。随着篮球运动的发展，场地设备得到改进和完善，规则也不断地增删和变化，现行规则计有61条和57 个手势图。
篮球运动诞生后，传播很快。 1892 年传入加拿大和墨西哥，1893 年传入法国，1895 年传入中国，1901 年传入日本和波斯（今伊朗），1905 年传入俄国。 1904 年美国青年会男子篮球队在第3 届奥运会上进行了表演，此后，篮球运动逐步在全世界开展起来。
1936 年第11 届奥运会将男子篮球列入正式比赛项目，篮球运动由此登上了国际竞技运动舞台，成为一项世界性的运动项目。
In 1895, the basket was attached to a 4×6-foot backboard, which gradually extended into the court area. By 1913, the bottom of the net was opened, creating a design similar to the modern basketball hoop and backboard.
International Standardization
In 1915, the United States established the first nationwide unified basketball rules, which were translated into multiple languages and distributed worldwide.
In 1932, the newly established FIBA created the first unified international basketball rules based on American college basketball regulations. As the sport continued to develop, court facilities and equipment improved, while the rules were constantly revised and expanded. Modern basketball rules now include 61 articles and 57 official referee hand signals.
Basketball spread rapidly around the world after its invention:
Introduced to Canada and Mexico in 1892
Introduced to France in 1893
Introduced to China in 1895
Introduced to Japan and Persia (modern-day Iran) in 1901
Introduced to Russia in 1905
Basketball became an official Olympic sport for men at the 1936 Olympic Games, marking its rise onto the world stage as an international competitive sport.
国际篮联(FIBA) 的诞生
1932 年6 月18 日在瑞士日内瓦成立了国际业余篮球联合会（简称国际篮联）。
1936 年第11 届奥运会上，男子篮球被列为正式比赛专案。
1950 年和1953 年分别举行了第1 届世界男篮和女篮锦标赛。
1948 年起，在许多国家的少年儿童中开始出现小篮球活动，受到国际篮联的重视，于1968 年成立了“ 国际小篮球委员会”。
1963 年第11 届奥运会将男子篮球列入正式比赛项目，篮球运动由此登上了国际竞技运动舞台，
成为一项世界性的运动项目。
1976 年第21 届奥运会又增加了女子篮球比赛。
The Birth of FIBA
FIBA was founded on June 18, 1932, in Geneva under the name International Amateur Basketball Federation.
At the 1936 Olympic Games, men’s basketball officially became an Olympic event.
The first Men’s Basketball World Championship was held in 1950, while the first Women’s World Championship followed in 1953.
Beginning in 1948, mini-basketball activities for children became popular in many countries. Due to its growing importance, FIBA established the International Mini Basketball Committee in 1968.
In 1976, women’s basketball was officially added to the Olympic Games.
Changes in Playing Style
技术单调，篮下死打硬攻，因而战术呆板，使比赛速度受到影响。针对上述情况，国际篮联对规则进行了修改，扩大限制区，增加了30s 和干扰球规则。
60 年代是高度、技术和速度同步发展时期，各国在重视发展高度的同时，加强了高大队员技术和灵活性的训练。有些强队，如巴西队，尽管身高相对矮些，但他们以短跑运动员的速度和娴熟的技术，充分发挥快速、灵活的特长，在1963 年第4届世界男篮锦标赛上夺取冠军，震动了世界篮坛。
60 年代中期，美国迪安• 史密斯提出攻守平衡的理论，使世界各国开始重视进攻和防守的均衡发展，特别是防守有了新的发展和突破。防守不再是消极的，在防守的选位上改变了过去“ 以人为主”、“ 以区域为主” 的观念，而是“ 以球为主”，使防守具有集体性、积极性、攻击性和破坏性。
70 年代是高度、技术、速度相结合、相统一并持续发展的阶段，世界强队的身高增长到惊人的程度。参加第八届世界男篮锦标赛的队员，身高2m以上的，多达 48 人。前苏联队平均身高2． O2m，前南斯拉夫队平均身高1．99m，美国队平均身高1．98m。这些高大队员既有高度，又有速度，能里能外，技术全面，充分体现了“ 大个队员小个化”的特点。 70 年代的篮球运动把高度、技术、速度、身体、意志、战术诸多因素融为一体，在比赛中展开高速度、高强度的全面对抗。快攻成为各队进攻中首先采用的锐利武器。高空优势体现在篮下的争夺，篮板球的争抢在篮圈水平面之上，投篮技术中出现了空中换手投篮，各种单、双手扣篮。高超的技巧表现在传球、运球动作熟练，运用自如。投篮命中率高达50％以上，比分迅速提高，和八届世界男篮锦标赛全部59 场比赛中，有30 场一个队得分超过100 分。
80 年代篮球运动是在高水准上的全面对抗，女子向男子化方向发展。其表现为高度与速度齐备，进攻、防守、篮板球三者并重，身体、智力、斗志和技术结合统一，技术全面而有特长突出的明星队员在队内发挥举足轻重的作用。
篮球的发展可分为五大阶段：
一，初创时期（19 世纪90 年代至20 世纪20年代）
二，完善、推广时期（20 世纪30 至40 年代）
三，普及、发展时期（20 世纪50 至60 年代）
四，全面提高时期（20 世纪70 年代至80 年代）
五，创新攀高时期（20 世纪90 年代－）
Early basketball emphasized physical play near the basket, which slowed the pace of games. To improve gameplay, FIBA modified the rules by widening the restricted area and introducing the 30-second shot clock and goaltending regulations.
The 1960s marked an era where height, skill, and speed developed simultaneously. Teams began training taller players to become more agile and technically skilled.
Teams such as Brazil men’s national basketball team proved that speed and technique could overcome height disadvantages. Their quick-paced and skillful style led them to win the 1963 FIBA World Championship, shocking the basketball world.
In the mid-1960s, Dean Smith introduced the theory of balanced offense and defense. Defensive strategies evolved from focusing solely on individual players or zones to a “ball-oriented” defense emphasizing teamwork, aggression, and disruption.
The 1970s emphasized the integration of height, skill, speed, strength, and tactics. Many national teams featured players taller than two meters.
For example:The Soviet Union team averaged 2.02 meters in height, Yugoslavia averaged 1.99 meters, The United States averaged 1.98 meters
These tall players were not only physically dominant but also fast, versatile, and technically skilled, reflecting the trend of “big players playing like guards.”
Fast breaks became one of the most important offensive weapons. Slam dunks, above-the-rim rebounding, and advanced shooting techniques became common. Scoring increased significantly, with many teams regularly surpassing 100 points per game.
Basketball in the 1980s evolved into a highly competitive and all-around sport. Women’s basketball also became faster and more physical.
Teams emphasized:Speed and height,Balanced offense, defense, and rebounding,Physical strength, intelligence, fighting spirit, and technical ability
Star players with complete skill sets became central figures within their teams.
Five Major Stages of Basketball Development
- Foundation Period (1890s–1920s)
- Improvement and Promotion Period (1930s–1940s)
- Popularization and Growth Period (1950s–1960s)
- Comprehensive advancement Period (1970s–1980s)
- Innovation and Peak Development Period (1990s onward)
NBA ( 全称NationalBasketball Association，中文正式译名为国家篮球协会，但一般直接称作NBA 或美国NBA 篮球联赛，是美国第一大职业篮球组织，协会一共拥有30 支球队，分属两个联盟(Conference)：东区和西区；而每个分区各由三个分组(Division) 组成，每个分组有五支球队。30 支球队当中有29 支位于美国本土，另外一支来自加拿大的多伦多。
NBA 正式赛季于每年11 月的第一个星期的星期二开始，分为例行赛和季后赛两部分。例行赛为循环赛制，每支球队都要完成82 场比赛；例行赛到次年的4 月结束，每个分区的前八名，包括各个分组的冠军，将有资格进入接下来进行的季后赛。
季后赛采用七战四胜赛制，共分四轮；季后赛的最后一轮也称为总决赛，由两个联盟的冠军争夺NBA的最高荣誉—— 总冠军。
NBA 前身是1946 年成立的美国篮球协会（BAA），1949 年改名为国家篮球协会（NBA）并沿用到现在。协会总部位于纽约第五大道645 号的奥林匹克塔大厦。 NBA 同时也是北美四大职业体育联盟之一，但是却排在NFL 和MLB之后位列第三位。
1996 年，NBA 创办了女子国家篮球协会（WNBA），2001 年又创立了国家篮球发展联盟，即现在的NBA 发展联盟（D-League）。 1999 年，NBA 开办了自己的电视频道NBA-TV。
NBA 由成立之初的11 支球队发展到现在的30支，当中经历了许多新球队的建立，老球队的变迁或是倒闭。
NBA 目前采用的是2004-05 赛季划分的区域，分为东西两个分区，每个分区各有三个分组，每个分组五支球队。
The National Basketball Association, commonly known as the NBA, is the premier professional basketball league in the United States.
The league currently consists of 30 teams divided into two conferences:Eastern Conference and Western Conference
Each conference contains three divisions, with five teams in each division. Twenty-nine teams are based in the United States, while one team — the Toronto Raptors — is based in Canada.
The NBA regular season traditionally begins on the first Tuesday of November and is divided into:Regular Season andPlayoffs
During the regular season, each team plays 82 games. The top eight teams from each conference, including division champions, qualify for the playoffs.
The playoffs use a best-of-seven format over four rounds. The final round is known as the NBA Finals, where the conference champions compete for the league championship.
The NBA originated as the Basketball Association of America (BAA), founded in 1946. In 1949, it merged and was renamed the National Basketball Association (NBA), a name that remains today.
The league headquarters is located in New York City.
The NBA is also one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, alongside:National Football League,Major League Baseball,National Hockey League
In 1996, the NBA established the Women’s National Basketball Association.
In 2001, the league created the NBA Development League (D-League), now known as the NBA G League.
In 1999, the NBA launched its own television network, NBA TV.
Over the decades, the NBA expanded from 11 teams to 30 teams, experiencing relocations, mergers, and franchise changes.
Today, the NBA is widely recognized as the world’s top professional basketball league and has played a major role in popularizing basketball globally.